by Ursula Saqui, Ph.D.
This is the second post of a two-part series on the overall process of doing a literature review. Part one discussed the benefits of doing a literature review, how to get started, and knowing when to stop.
You have made a commitment to do a literature review, have the purpose defined, and are ready to get started.
Where do you find your resources?
If you are not in academia, have access to a top-notch library, or receive the industry publications of interest, you may need to get creative if you do not want to pay for each article. (In a pinch, I have paid up to $36 for an article, which can add up if you are conducting a comprehensive literature review!)
Here is where the internet and other community resources can be your best friends.
- Know the difference between Google and Google Scholar. Google is helpful for popular mainstream publications whereas Google Scholar focuses only on scholarly references such as articles, theses, books, abstracts, and court opinions that are written by academics and other professional scholars.
- ResearchGATE is an example of a collaborative scientific community that indexes articles. Many times you can find the full text of articles at no charge.
- Your state may offer access to different databases for its residents. For example, in my home state of Indiana, residents have access to Inspire, a collection of resources, databases, and government publications. Click here to see if your state offers a similar resource.
- Check your local community library. They may not have the resources you need but they can often get them through inter-library loan. For example, my local community library does not carry advanced statistics books but the librarians can get them for me via their borrowing privileges with universities.
- Even without access to a specific database, you can search thousands of government sponsored research reports that have been conducted by the U.S. government or one of its affiliates. For example, in completing a literature review of service learning programs, I found a government report that summarized 10 years of research in service learning. (That made my day!)
- Private foundations or research companies may also conduct high-quality peer-reviewed research. For example, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation conducts and disseminates research on issues related to health and health care.
- If you know who authored the article, you can sometimes find a pdf file of their article on their website or university website listed under their vita or recent publications.
- Try to contact the author directly. When I have contacted authors, they have graciously sent me a complimentary copy of their article.
Still stuck? Hire someone who knows how to do a good literature review and has access to quality resources.
On a budget? Hire a student who has access to an academic library. Many times students can get credit for working on research and business projects through internships or experiential learning programs. This situation is a win-win. You get the information you need and the student gets academic credit along with exposure to new ideas and topics.
About the Author: With expertise in human behavior and research, Ursula Saqui, Ph.D. gives clarity and direction to her clients’ projects, which inevitably lead to better results and strategies. She is the founder of Saqui Research.
by Ursula Saqui, Ph.D.
This post is the first of a two-part series on the overall process of doing a literature review. Part two covers where to find your resources.
Would you build your house without a foundation? Of course not! However, many people skip the first step of any empirical-based project–conducting a literature review. Like the foundation of your house, the literature review is the foundation of your project.
Having a strong literature review gives structure to your research method and informs your statistical analysis. If your literature review is weak or non-existent, (more…)
You’ve probably experienced this before. You’ve done a statistical analysis, you’ve figured out all the steps, you finally get results and are able to interpret them. But the statistical results just look…wrong. Backwards, or even impossible—theoretically or logically.
This happened a few times recently to a couple of my consulting clients, and once to me. So I know that feeling of panic well. There are so many possible causes of incorrect results, but there are a few steps you can take that will help you figure out which one you’ve got and how (and whether) to correct it.
Errors in Data Coding and Entry
In both of my clients’ cases, the problem was that they had coded missing data with an impossible and extreme value, like 99. But they failed to define that code as missing in SPSS. So SPSS took 99 as a real data point, which (more…)
Missing Data, and multiple imputation specifically, is one area of statistics that is changing rapidly. Research is still ongoing, and each year new findings on best practices and new techniques in software appear.
The downside for researchers is that some of the recommendations missing data statisticians were making even five years ago have changed.
Remember that there are three goals of multiple imputation, or any missing data technique: Unbiased parameter estimates in the final analysis (more…)
One of the biggest questions I get is about the difference between mediators, moderators, and how they both differ from control variables.
I recently found a fabulous free video tutorial on the difference between mediators, moderators, and suppressor variables, by Jeremy Taylor at Stats Make Me Cry. The witty example is about the different types of variables–talent, practice, etc.–that explain the relationship between having a guitar and making lots of $$.
Have you ever needed to do some major data management in SPSS and ended up with a syntax program that’s pages long? This is the kind you couldn’t even do with the menus, because you’d tear your hair out with frustration because it took you four weeks to create some new variables.
I hope you’ve gotten started using Syntax, which not only gives you a record of how you’ve recoded and created all those new variables and exactly which options you chose in the data analysis you’ve done.
But once you get started, you start to realize that some things feel a little clunky. You have to run the same descriptive analysis on 47 different variables. And while cutting and pasting is a heck of a lot easier than doing that in the menus, you wonder if there isn’t a better way.
There is.
SPSS syntax actually has a number of ways to increase programming efficiency, including macros, do loops, repeats.
I admit I haven’t used this stuff a lot, but I’m increasingly seeing just how useful it can be. I’m much better trained in doing these kinds of things in SAS, so I admit I have been known to just import data into SAS to run manipulations.
But I just came across a great resources on doing sophisticated SPSS Syntax Programming, and it looks like some fabulous bedtime reading. (Seriously).
And the best part is you can download it (or order it, if you’d like a copy to take to bed) from the author’s website, Raynald’s SPSS Tools, itself a great source of info on mastering SPSS.
So once you’ve gotten into the habit of hitting Paste instead of Okay, and gotten a bit used to SPSS syntax, and you’re ready to step your skills up a notch, this looks like a fabulous book.
[Edit]: As per Jon Peck in the comments below, the most recent version is now available at www.ibm.com/developerworks/spssdevcentral under Books and Articles.
Want to learn more? If you’re just getting started with data analysis in SPSS, or would like a thorough refresher, please join us in our online workshop Introduction to Data Analysis in SPSS.
