Factor Analysis

Member Training: Exploratory Factor Analysis

February 1st, 2025 by

Many variables we want to measure just can’t be directly measured with a single variable. Instead you have to combine a set of variables into a single index.

But how do you determine which variables to combine and how best to combine them?

Exploratory Factor Analysis.

EFA is a method for finding a measurement for one or more unmeasurable (latent) variables from a set of related observed variables. It is especially useful for scale construction.

In this webinar, you will learn through three examples an overview of EFA, including:

  • The five steps to conducting an EFA
  • Key concepts like rotation
  • Factor scores
  • The importance of interpretability

Note: This training is an exclusive benefit to members of the Statistically Speaking Membership Program and part of the Stat’s Amore Trainings Series. Each Stat’s Amore Training is approximately 90 minutes long.

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About the Instructor

Karen Grace-Martin helps statistics practitioners gain an intuitive understanding of how statistics is applied to real data in research studies.

She has guided and trained researchers through their statistical analysis for over 15 years as a statistical consultant at Cornell University and through The Analysis Factor. She has master’s degrees in both applied statistics and social psychology and is an expert in SPSS and SAS.

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A typical Likert scale item has 5 to 11 points that indicate the degree of something. For example, it could measure agreement with a statement, such as 1=Strongly Disagree to 5=Strongly Agree. It can be a 1 to 5 scale, 0 to 10, etc. (more…)


Correlated Errors in Confirmatory Factor Analysis

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Latent constructs, such as liberalism or conservatism, are theoretical and cannot be measured directly.

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Often prior research has determined which indicators represent the latent construct. Prudent researchers will run a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to ensure the same indicators work in their sample.

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Member Training: Matrix Algebra for Data Analysts: A Primer

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One important step in creating scales is making sure the scale measures the latent construct equally well and the same way for different groups of individuals.

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How Big of a Sample Size do you need for Factor Analysis?

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Most of the time when we plan a sample size for a data set, it’s based on obtaining reasonable statistical power for a key analysis of that data set. These power calculations figure out how big a sample you need so that a certain width of a confidence interval or p-value will coincide with a scientifically meaningful effect size.

But that’s not the only issue in sample size, and not every statistical analysis uses p-values.

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