The normal distribution is so ubiquitous in statistics that those of us who use a lot of statistics tend to forget it’s not always so common in actual data.
And since the normal distribution is continuous, many people describe all numerical variables as continuous. I get it: I’m guilty of using those terms interchangeably, too, but they’re not exactly the same.
Numerical variables can be either continuous or discrete.
The difference? Continuous variables can take any number within a range. Discrete variables can only be whole numbers.
So 3.04873658 is a possible value of a continuous variable, but not discrete.
Count variables, as the name implies, are frequencies of some event or state. Number of arrests, fish in a trap, wetlands in a forest are all counts. They’re numerical and discrete, not continuous.
Not only are they discrete, they can’t be negative. You can have 0 or 4 fish in the trap, but not -8.
This point is extremely important for statistical modeling. Count variables have a lower bound at 0 but no upper bound.
A normal distribution, on the other hand, has no bounds. Theoretically, any value from -∞ to ∞ is possible in a normal distribution.
Count variables tend to follow distributions like the Poisson or negative binomial, which can be derived as an extension of the Poisson. Both are discrete and bounded at 0.
Unlike a normal distribution, which is always symmetric, the basic shape of a Poisson distribution changes.
For example, a Poisson distribution with a low mean is highly skewed, with 0 as the mode. All the data are “pushed” up against 0, with a tail extending to the right. You can see an example in the upper left quadrant above.
But if the mean is larger, the distribution spreads out and becomes more symmetric. In fact, with a mean as high as 12, the distribution looks downright normal.
A Poisson distribution with a high enough mean approximates a normal distribution, even though technically, it is not.
One difference is that in the Poisson distribution the variance = the mean. In a normal distribution, these are two separate parameters. The value of one tells you nothing about the other.
So a Poisson distributed variable may look normal, but it won’t quite behave the same.
Can you treat it as normal?
In some cases, yes. You’ll still get reasonable parameter estimates and standard errors.
But don’t do it blindly. Check your assumptions. (You always do, right?)
If the distribution is too skewed or residual variance too heteroskedastic to assume normality, then no. Stick with a model that takes the true distribution into account.
Thank you so much for this explanation! This sort of explanation was precisely what I was looking for!
Thanks for the helpful article. There’s a minor error though when you say that “discrete variables can only be whole numbers”. Technically speaking, a discrete variable is one in which its possible values are countable. For example, consider a variable X that can take any value in {0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2}. X is discrete, but not necessarily a whole number!
I just wanted to thank you for your daily Linked-in comments. They are a helpful service to the community, even for the highly trained and experienced among us. Sometimes it is refreshing to think about the simple things that may have slipped your mind and which have unexpectedly great depth because the first time you heard them, you yourself did not have great depth of skill or knowledge and so they just passed as facts into the back of your brain.
Totally agree with David’s comments. Its a day after the conference in where this became in my mind a highlight.